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Renewable Energy【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

Godfrey Boyle 著
出版社： The Open University
ISBN：
出版时间：2004
标注页数：452页
文件大小：252MB
文件页数：464页
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图书目录

CHAPTER Ⅰ INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY2

1.1 Introduction2

Force，energy and power3

Energy conservation：The First Law of Thermodynamics4

Forms of energy4

Conversion and efficiency6

1.2 Present-day energy use6

World energy supplies6

Energy use in the UK8

1.3 Fossil fuels and climate change10

1.4 Renewable energy sources11

Solar energy：Direct uses11

Solar energy：Indirect uses12

Non-solar renewables13

1.5 Renewable energy in a sustainable future14

References and further information15

CHAPTER 2 SOLARTHERMAL ENERGY18

2.1 Introduction18

2.2 The rooftop solar water heater19

The pumped solar water heater19

The thermosyphon solar water heater20

2.3 The nature and availability of solar radiation21

The wavelengths of solar radiation21

Direct and diffuse radiation22

Availability of solar radiation22

Tilt and orientation24

2.4 The magic of glass26

Transparency26

Heat loss mechanisms27

2.5 Low-temperature solar energy applications30

Domestic water heating31

Domestic space heating32

Varieties of solar heating system34

2.6 Active solar heating36

History36

Solar collectors36

Robustness，mounting and orientation37

Active solar space heating38

Interseasonal storage and solar district heating39

2.7 Passive solar heating40

History40

Direct gain buildings as solar collectors41

Passive solar heating versus superinsulation41

Window energy balance41

General passive solar heating techniques45

Conservatories，greenhouses and atria47

Trombe walls48

Avoiding overshading48

2.8 Daylighting49

2.9 Solar thermal engines and electricity generation51

The first solar engine age52

The new solar age54

Power towers54

Parabolic trough concentrator systems55

Parabolic dish concentrator systems56

Solar ponds56

Ocean thermal energy conversion（OTEC）57

Solar chimneys57

2.10 Economics，potential and environmental impact58

Domestic active solar water heating58

Swimming pool water heating60

Active solar space heating and district heating60

Passive solar heating and daylighting60

Solar thermal engines and electricity generation61

Conclusions62

References63

CHAPTER 3 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS66

3.1 Introduction66

3.2 introducing photovoltaics66

A brief history of PV66

3.3 PV in silicon：basic principles68

Semiconductors and ‘doping’68

The p—n junction71

The PV effect71

Monocrystalline silicon cells75

3.4 Crystalline PV：reducing costs and raising efficiency76

Polycrystalline silicon76

Silicon ribbons and sheets77

Gallium arsenide77

3.5 Thin film PV78

Amorphous silicon78

Other thin film PV Technologies79

3.6 Other innovative PV technologies80

Multi-junction PV cells80

Concentrating PV systems80

Silicon spheres81

Photoelectrochemical cells81

‘Third generation’ PV Cells82

3.7 Electrical characteristics of silicon PV cells and modules83

3.8 PV systems for remote power84

3.9 Grid-connected PV systems85

PV systems for homes85

PV Systems for non-domestic buildings89

Large，grid-connected PV power plants90

Satellite solar power91

3.10 Costs of energy from PV92

Reducing the costs of power from PV94

3.11 Environmental impact and safety95

Environmental impact and safety of PV systems95

Environmental impact and safety of PV production95

Energy balance of PV systems96

3.12 PV integration，resources and future prospects96

Integration96

PV resources98

The growing world photovoltaics market98

Future prospects：national and international PV research，development and demonstration programmes99

Realizing the global potential100

References101

Further information103

CHAPTER 4 BIOENERGY106

4.1 Introduction106

4.2 Bioenergy past and present108

From wood to coal108

Present biomass contributions108

4.3 Biomass as a fuel109

What are fuels？109

Biomass as a solar energy store111

Conversion efficiencies112

4.4 Bioenergy sources Ⅰ：Energy crops113

Woody crops114

Agricultural crops116

4.5 Bioenergy sources Ⅱ：Wastes116

Wood residues116

Temperate crop wastes117

Tropical crop wastes119

Animal wastes119

Municipal solid waste120

Landfill gas120

Commercial and industrial wastes122

4.6 Combustion of solid biomass123

Combustion of wood and crop residues123

Charcoal124

Combustion of municipal solid wastes125

4.7 Production of gaseous fuels from biomass127

Anaerobic digestion127

Anaerobic digesters for MSW130

Gasification131

4.8 Production of liquid fuels from biomass133

Pyrolysis to produce bio-oil133

Synthesizing liquid fuels134

Fermentation to produce ethanol134

Vegetable oils to biodiesel136

4.9 Environmental benefits and impacts137

Atmospheric emissions137

Land use139

Energy balance140

4.10 Economics141

Energy Prices141

Costing bioenergy141

Electricity from wastes142

Electricity from Energy crops143

4.11 Future prospects144

References145

CHAPTER 5 HYDROELECTRICITY148

5.1 Introduction148

5.2 The Galloway hydros148

Origins148

The scheme149

Power150

The turbines150

The salmon151

Economics152

5.3 Hydro：The resource153

The world resource153

World capacity and output154

5.4 Stored energy and available power155

Stored potential energy155

Power，head and flow rate156

5.5 A brief history of water-power157

The prime mover157

Nineteenth-century hydro technology160

5.6 Types of hydroelectric plant161

Low，medium and high heads162

Estimating the power164

5.7 The Francis turbine164

Action of the turbine164

Maximizing the efficiency167

Limits to the Francis turbine167

5.8 ‘Propellers’168

5.9 Impulse turbines169

Pelton wheels169

Turgo and cross-flow turbines171

5.10 Ranges of application172

Specific speed172

5.11 Small-scale hydroelectricity173

World-wide developments173

SSH in the UK175

5.12 Environmental considerations177

Hydrological effects177

Dams and reservoirs179

Social effects181

Small-scale systems182

Comparisons182

5.13 Integration183

Power stations as elements in a system183

Pumped storage184

5.14 Economics186

Capital costs186

Investing in hydroelectricity188

5.15 Future prospects190

Small-scale hydro（SSH）191

References192

CHAPTER 6 TIDAL POWER196

6.1 Introduction196

The nature of the resource197

Basic physics198

Power generation203

6.2 Technical factors204

6.3 Environmental factors210

6.4 Integration215

6.5 Economic factors218

6.6 Tidal energy potential223

United Kingdom223

World225

6.7 Tidal barrages：conclusions228

6.8 Tidal streams230

Practical projects in the UK231

Tidal current projects and concepts around the world234

6.9 Tidal current turbines：the next stage237

6.10 Tidal current assessment239

References241

CHAPTER 7 WIND ENERGY244

7.1 Introduction244

7.2 The wind245

Energy and power in the wind248

7.3 Wind turbines249

A brief history of wind energy249

Wind turbine types252

Horizontal axis wind turbines253

Vertical axis wind turbines255

7.4 Aerodynamics of wind turbines256

Aerodynamic forces256

Ae rofoi Is258

Relative wind velocity259

Harnessing aerodynamic forces261

Horizontal axis wind turbines261

Vertical axis wind turbines264

7.5 Power and energy from wind turbines265

How much power does a wind turbine produce？265

How much energy will wind turbines produce？266

Estimating wind speed characteristics of a site268

7.6 Environmental impact270

Environmental benefits of electricity generation by wind energy270

Environmental impacts of wind turbines270

Electromagnetic interference273

Wind turbines and military aviation274

Visual impact274

Public attitudes to wind power275

Wind turbines and birds276

Additional environmental factors277

Planning and wind energy277

7.7 Economics278

Calculating the costs of wind energy278

7.8 Commercial development and wind energy potential280

Wind energy developments world-wide280

Small-scale wind turbines283

Local community and co-operatively-owned wind turbines283

Wind energy and buildings284

Wind energy potential285

7.9 Offshore wind energy286

Offshore wind energy in the UK288

References292